At The Police Civil Service Commission There Were Three Commissioners,

At the Police Civil Service Commission there were three commissioners, along with the police chief, lieutenants and other officials. It is normally about 11 people in total, but this one was a little different with about 10-12 students and a reporter for the Bakersfield Californian. The three commissioners, Steve Anderson, Ken Vetter and William Perry are each elected to a three year term by the city council. During there term the will each participate as head-commissioner for one year. The meeting is started by the head-commissioner calling it to order and he states the time as well. Then roll is called by each member saying his or her name and title. Then the approval for the minutes of the last meeting is presented. After that, the head-commissioner opens the floor up to any public statements. At recent meetings, there hasn't been much public attendance, so not that much is said during that time. The next item on the agenda is the new business. First, any special orders are taken care of, such as appointments, promotions, retirements, etc. Next, all the new items are taken care of. At this particular meeting, the first was specifications for the new crime analyst job. Mrs. Valenzuela of Human Resources gave the commissioners the specs on the new job for review. After looking over it, one of the commissioners motioned for it and another seconded it. That is pretty much the procedure for all items put in front of the commissioners, in order for it to go through, it must be motioned and seconded. During the meeting, a certification of Police Detective/Lieutenant Eligibility List is presented to the commissioners for review. Once the list, of usually 10 or so people, is approved, the police chief is able to select whom he wants for the job out of the top three candidates. But this can only be done if the commissioners approve the list. At this particular meeting, there were no conflicts because everything put in front of the commissioners had passed. They had joked that not every meeting goes as smoothly as that one did, and sometimes there are disagreements or difference of opinion and some item will not pass. After the new business is taken care of, the commissioner discusses whatever he feels needs to be discussed. At the meeting I attended it was basically just reviewing the process and the meeting itself for us students present. Also, at that time, I don't understand why it fit in at that time, but, the police chief had asked the commissioners for their attendance at a promotion ceremony for three officers. Then, after that was taken care of, the meeting is adjourned with the time being stated again. Even though conflict didn't arise at this meeting, I can see where it can with the items being discussed. The new job of crime analyst can bring controversy because it wasn't available until just recently and some could argue it is not needed. So even though it is controversial now, later it can bring some difference of opinion to some people who disagree with it. But, by then it won't really matter because the commissioners have already approved it. Another frequent thing proposed at the meetings are Nepotism waivers. The way these work is if a family member such as a brother or father work for the department, a waiver must be put through and approved by the commissioners before the people are able to work. This goes for husbands and wives and even just boyfriends and girlfriends. The reason that these waivers must be passed is so that conflict doesn't rise between the people in question. All in all, I personally found the meeting somewhat interesting. I didn't think that the topics were all that appealing. I just thought that the way everything was run in a quick, to-the-point manner was efficient.

America 1900 essays

America 1900 essays America in the year 1900: prosperous, progressive, optimistic, a leader, on the cutting edge of education, and faced with horrible tragedy. When compared with America today, its difficult to not see likeness. Today, we are on the rebound with the belief that things will get better, and we are still a world leader. We are also similarly faced with horrific tragedy, the worst terrorist incident in our countrys history. The country today does, however, differ from itself in the year 1900 in many ways. Today we are more technologically, socially, and intellectually advanced. Things that people in the 1900s thought could never be done, have been. The events of the year 1900 have got us to the year 2002. One way to compare America in 1900 to America today is to look at the presidents. In 1900, the president was William McKinley. McKinley was a soft-spoken man, much like our president George Bush is today. On New Years Day, McKinley held the traditional open house reception. Today, having the White House open like that would be unthinkable. Another major difference is the security at the White House. During the night in 1900 there was only one guard on duty who often retired early. Guards are on alert around the clock in the present day. Both presidents, however, do have similar worries. Terrorism was a threat in the year 1900 just as it is today. The terrorists may not be the same (Anarchists vs. Al-Qaeda), but the threat was and is there. The economy is a constant worry among both presidents. Each of them knows and knew that people vote by their pocket books. Another key similarity is each presidents connections to big business. McKinley befriended J.P. Morgan, an infamous busines sman with more money than the U.S. treasury, and Bush has ties with Enron, the now defunct energy company. Just by looking to the presidents in each time connections can be seen. America was constantly changing scientifically and tech...

HUME Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HUME - Essay Example According to Hume in the article, â€Å"we may divide all the perceptions of the mind into two classes or species †¦ The less forcible and lively are commonly denominated THOUGHTS or IDEAS †¦ The other species †¦ impression, then, I mean all our more lively perceptions, when we hear, or see, or feel, or love, or hate, or desire, or will.† On the basis of this statement, the ideas and impressions comprising the mental faculty of a man, though possessing significant relation to each other, are distinct among themselves and this working difference is where human belief is conceived. Impressions pertain to sense-perceptions that enable disposition of an individual with emotions or immediate passion whereas ideas constitute ‘faint copies or images’ of impressions within thoughts. Characterized by vividness, impressions are claimed to be more active in the living consciousness compared to ideas. While impressions logically precede ideas, the latter being derived from the former, Hume considers the probability that certain ideas may generate impressions either as reflections or sensations which themselves develop the capacity of formulating ideas in return. Since these constituents of the mind may be held in flexible connections as in random order with or separate from each other, such associations vary with respect to mental operations involved. By cause and effect relation, contiguity, or resemblance, a mental behavior manages to create joints between ideas out of which spring human beliefs which serve as a consequence once the manner of associating impressions and ideas is employed with repetition. Beliefs are further classified into two of which one refers to ‘relations of ideas’ and the other, ‘matters of fact.’ Through the section â€Å"Of the Origin of Ideas†, Hume illustrates stating â€Å"Every one will readily allow, that there is a considerable difference

Concerted practice is the most nebulous of the three categories caught Essay

Concerted practice is the most nebulous of the three categories caught by Article 101 TFEU - Essay Example 2 With regard to paragraph three and exceptions to the prohibitions in paragraph one of Article 101, those relate to what the law determines as contributing to society either through economic development, technical development, and improvements in the way goods are produced or distributed 3 Under the law, moreover, the European Commission has the power to impose the law, to investigate infringements relating to the violation of the prohibitions in Article 101, and to impose penalties and sanctions. 4 To this end, the Commission may compel suspected parties to share information. 5 There is some consensus that it is difficult to pin down the existence of concerted practice, as reflected in case law. 6 For instance, in cases where increases in prices occur in tandem among a group of players, the price increases themselves may not be sufficient to prove concerted practice. In some cases, for instance, as in Case c-47/09 involving the Netherlands T-Mobile business entity, just one meeting among parties was deemed sufficient to establish concerted practice. In 40/73 involving Sulike Unie, the ruling was that concerted practice may be direct or it may be indirect too, and that no written or verbal communication is necessary to establish concerted practice. In the first instance of consideration of concerted practice in case law, or Case 48/69 involving firms operating in a market that is oligopolistic in nature, the Court of Justice ruled that the presence of parallel price increases amounted to the existence of concerted practice, even if the parties to the case m ade a formal challenge to that ruling. This case involved Imperial Chemical Industries, in the industry involved in dyes. In this instance the Court of Justice established a definition of concerted practice as thus: â€Å"†¦a form of coordination between undertakings which, without having reached the stage where an agreement properly so-called

Research in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research in Practice - Essay Example This will be done from study of existing literature concerning McDonalds and its Chinese market and outlets. McDonalds is one of the biggest fast food restaurants in the world. The fats food stores giant has been operating in several countries worldwide and in most cases it has outsmarted its competitors to remain the number one fast food shop worldwide. The fast food giant entered the Chinese market in the 1990 and has been operational since then. There has therefore been the need to study and analyze its operation in China market in order to predict the future of the restaurant in China. Articles and journals have been selected for use in this research to help achieve the objectives of the study. McDonalds Corporation is an American world’s largest fast food chain that specializes in serving of hamburger in over a hundred countries globally. The fast food giant has its head quarters in Illinois in the United States of America. The fast food giant was founded by businessman Ray Kroc. McDonalds has three modes of operations in its various countries of operations. The McDonalds restaurants are either operated by the corporation itself, as an affiliate or as a franchise. McDonald’s main products include hamburger, French fries, breakfast items, chicken burger, milkshakes and soft drinks. The fast food restaurant has heavily standardized its menus in its various outlets worldwide .In some scenarios however, the fast food giant has altered its menu or expanded it in order to meet the needs of the local clients especially in the Middle East. McDonalds made an entry into the china market in the year 1990.The fast food group of restaurants had an increasing and promising growth rate in its fast three years of operation. However, in the subsequent years the growth rate of the fast food restaurants was lower compared to the growth rate between the year 1990 and 1993.This was due to a number of factors such as competition, cultural

Impact of the Digital Divide

Impact of the Digital Divide OECD (2001, P5) defined the digital divide as â€Å"the gap between individuals, households, businesses and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels [and other demographic levels] with regard both to their opportunities to access information and communication technologies (ICTs) and to their use of the Internet for a wide variety of activities.† When we refer digital divide, we refer not only the opportunities to access to or use of ICTs but also the ability or knowledge of using ICTs. Besides, the statement â€Å"nearly everyone has a mobile phone† is falsified, 15% adults in US didn’t have cellphone until 2011 (Zickuhr, 2011).Therefore, digital divide still is an important issue. Digital divide exists in different countries and different regional areas and social groups within countries. There are two types of digital divide: domestic digital divide and international digital divide. In this article, I will discuss domestic digital divide at first. Th en I will discuss international digital divide and how it forms. Finally, I will discuss why digital divide matters. Couldry (2007) pointed out the complexity of digital divide. He thought digital divide was complex because there were at least two situations of digital divide: domestic divide and international divide. First, it involves the gap between those who can access to ICTs and those who cannot within countries. Secondly, it involves the absolute gap of communication facilities, information transmission capacity, the amount of computers and network hosts, the amount of telephone users and such other aspects between countries. Within countries, people have different access to ICTs because of their gender, income, race and region (Rice, 2006), which splits them into information rich and information poor. In US, the poor, the old, minorities, less educated people and rural residents had less access to ICTs. Comparing racial groups, African-Americans and Latinos have less access to and worse skills of ICTs. Because of poverty caused by racism, they have limited opportunities to learn about and use ICTs. Until 2011, 82.7% Asian-Americans could assess to the Internet and computer, but only 56.9% Black and 58.3% Hispanic could. Besides, rural Native Americans possessed the fewest telephones, followed by rural Hispanics and rural Blacks. Black households possessed fewest PCs. Comparing age groups, 95% of people between 18 and 34 were cellphone users, and only 48% of people older than 75 used cellphones. 59% and 52% US citizens possessed desktop and laptop, and only 28% of people over 75 possessed desktop and 10% possessed laptop. Until 2013, 81.9% of people between 35 and 44 could assess to the Internet and computer, while 61.7% of people older than 55 could. Besides, rural young under 25 possessed fewest telephones, and rural old over 55 possessed fewest PCs. Comparing income groups, the poorest households in central cities possessed fewest telephones, followed by the rural poor and the urban poor. The rural poor possess fewest PCs. Comparing educational level groups, 89.9% of people with bachelor degree or higher could assess to the Internet and computer, but only 36.9% of people without high school degree could (File, 2013; Mossberger, Tolbert, Gilbert, 2006; NTIA, 1995; Zickuhr, 2011). Unbalanced ICTs use also can be found in Canada. The old and the poor had less access to cellphones and Internet. Only 3.5% of people from the lowest income group could access to the Internet (Sciadas, 2000). Additionally, unbalanced Internet use between different social groups and regional areas was obv ious in China. Until 2007, among Internet users, 32.3% of them were students, while only 0.4% of them were peasants. 82.9% Internet users were urban residents. The Internet penetration rate was 20.2 in urban areas and only 3.1 in rural areas. East areas had higher penetration rate than central and west areas. Until 2012, Internet users increased to 516 million. 55.9% of them were male and 44.1% were female. Besides, 29.8% of people between 20 and 29 were Internet users while only 4.8% of people older than 50 were Internet users (CNNIC, 2007, 2012). From these data, we find domestic digital divide occurs in both developed countries and developing countries. Furthermore, with the rapid development of ICT and expansion of globalization, international digital divide becomes an important issue. Nowadays, countries have more connections with each other than before, and they have more influence on each other as well. Digital divide between countries causes serious problems. Firstly, ICTs develop rapidly in both developed countries and developing countries. The UN Millennium Development Goals report: 2008 showed the number of fixed telephone and mobile users increased from 530 million in 1990 to 4 billion. From 2005, the number of new mobile users rapidly increased by more than 500 million, and until 2006, the total number of mobile users increased to more than 2.7 billion. The amount of mobile users grew faster in the areas where the amount of fixed telephone users was small. In 2006, the number of new mobile users increased by 60 million in Africa. There were more mobile users than fixed telephone users in almost every country. By the end of 2006, 22% Africans use mobiles, and 3% Africans used fixed telephone and 5% Africans used the Internet. By the end of 2006, 1.2 billion people on the earth could access to the Internet, which occupied more than 18% of the whole population (UN, 2008). Network construction improves poverty alleviation, education and employment in developing countries. With the development of technology and the widespread use of broadband, there were more opportunities for developing countries to catch up with developed countries. However, according to current spread speed and development trend, although developing countries showed faster rates of growth in network development than developed countries (Fink Kenny, 2003), the digital divide will exist for a long term and hardly be diminished in a short term because the existing gap between developed countries and developing countries was huge. The UN Millennium Development Goals report: 2008 showed Internet penetration rate was 58 in developed countries and 11 in developing countries and 1 in the least developed countries. Until 2006, there was no commercial broadband service in most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, and even if there was, people cannot afford to the expensive service fees. But broadband technology stimulates the wide use of Internet in developed countries. The Global Information Technology Report 2007-2008 published by World Economic Forum (2008) ranked the Networked Readiness Index of 127 developed and developing economic entities which occup ied 95 percent of global GDP. The top 20 were: Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, the Netherlands, the United States, Singapore, Iceland, South Korea, Norway, Hong Kong, the UK, Canada, Australia, Austria, Germany, Taiwan, Israel, Japan, Estonia. Most of them were European and North American developed countries, and only a few of them were emerging economies. Most Asian, African and Latin-American countries were ranked low. Data from International Telecommunication Union showed in developed countries about 77% people could access to broadband Internet, while in developing countries only 31% could. What’s worse? There were about 4.5 billion people cannot access to Internet, which occupied 66% of the whole population on the earth (Chinn, Fairlie, 2007). In 2001, the computer penetration rate and Internet penetration rate of North America were 61.1 and 49.8 respectively. In contrast, they were only 0.5 and 0.6 respectively in South Asia (Chinn, Fairlie, 2007). In 2002, 59% US citizens used Internet, but only 4.8% Chinese used Internet (Chen Wellman, 2004). Until 2011, the Internet penetration rate of Iceland was 97.8, and the average rate of top 50 countries was 78.6, but the rate of the rest of world was only 25 (Internet Usage Stats and Population Statistics, 2011). From these data, we could find huge a digital divide between developed countries and developing countries. International digital divide continues to enlarge as the gap of economic development and education level between countries enlarges. The difference of economic development between countries is a main cause of digital divide. In the early stage of development, a large amount of fund needs to be invested in digital information industry and information communication infrastructure. Developed countries possessed more resources including but not limited to capital to innovate and apply to ICTs. They had abundant money investing in research field and ICT infrastructure construction, while many developing countries could not afford to undertake large amount of capital investment. Therefore, developed countries had more advantages in digital information industry, especially in research field. Many underdeveloped countries became digital indigent countries because of underdeveloped digital information technology and infrastructure. Lack of telephones and computers, low network transmission ca pacity and deficient telecom infrastructure increase the difficulties to start digital economy for developing countries; lack of updated software and technology and expensive Internet service fees impede the development of digital information technology in developing countries. Therefore, an increasing number of developing countries became more backward as they are isolated by digital technology and information resources; developed countries enjoy the convenience of low-cost and high-speed information. Imbalanced distribution of information is closely related to imbalanced distribution of global wealth. Additionally, the difference of education level between countries is another major contributor of international digital divide. Education level determines people’s ability to use and develop digital information technology, and people’s ability of ICT use determines the foundation of developing a digital information technology society and how much technology weighs on the economic structure of their country. Because of better education, people in developed countries are better at using new technologies than people in developing and underdeveloped countries. In developing and underdeveloped countries, the low level of ICTs education was attributed to the following reasons (Nair, Kuppusamy, Davison, 2005). Firstly, there were no sufficient ICTs facilities in the school. For instance, in Argentina, 82% private schools and 51% public schools had ICTs facilities; in Peru, only 13% public schools had ICT facilities, so students had unequal access to ICTs (Hilbert, 2011). Seco ndly, there were limited numbers of competent teachers who master ICT applications in educational institutions in these countries. Thirdly, there were short of public ICTs facilities for educational purpose in these countries. To sum up, the backward education level directly restricts the development of ICTs in developing countries. Digital divide should be attached importance to, because it negatively affects social and international stabilities. Digital divide widens the gap between rich and poor, polarizing people within countries, causing social conflicts, enlarging the gap between developed countries and developing countries, hindering the development of developing countries, and leads to digital hegemony which threats international security. Firstly, an increasing domestic digital divide leads to many social problems within countries. Now it’s information society, and information becomes more important than capital. Poverty means not only wealth shortage but also information shortage. People need unblocked and updated information to innovate or catch the opportunity to make fortune. Limited access to ICTs means limited opportunities to create fortune, and digital divide increases the polarization of the rich and the poor within countries. Wealth gap in virtual world is related to wealth gap in reality. People who are excluded by information society are isolated from mainstream political and economic life and have to suffer from long term poverty and developmental stagnation. Increasing digital divide makes people who have gotten rid of poverty become poor again. If this problem is not solved, the informatization of a country cannot be accomplished, and digital divide will split people into two worlds. One world is heaven for information rich while another world is hell for information poor, and the polarization of wealth becomes more serious and leads to social tensions. What’s worse? As information technology grows so fast, the period of upgrading become shorter and new digital divide comes when old digital divide still exists. Secondly, digital divide widens the wealth gap. It is the product of wealth gap, and it widens this gap, which forms a vicious circle. From economic perspective, ICT becomes a new source of fortune, and digital divide increases the difference of ability to create fortune in information era. Large amounts of labor are idle and large amounts of labor can only work in traditional agricultural sector and traditional industrial sector because they lack relevant knowledge and cannot engage in modern economic activities which create a great deal of fortune. Besides, the difference of ability to use information technology and obtain useful information between people from different countries and different social groups leads to the Matthew Effect. Because of digital information technology, rich become richer and poor become poorer; developed countries become more developed and underdeveloped countries become more underdeveloped. Therefore, ICTs benefit people and countries on the advantage si de of digital divide and widen the development gap between those â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have nots†. Thirdly, international digital divide hinders the economic development of developing countries. In the information economy era, ICT plays a vital role in the enhancement of productivity, creativity and competitiveness of a country, and information and talented people become vital endogenous variables. In that case, the advantages of cheap labor and abundant land and resources in developing countries are weakened, and the international competitiveness of developing countries is lowered. In developing countries, most people work in primary and secondary industry, and only a few people engage in ICTs related work. In china, only 200 million Internet users engaged in E-commerce, including online shopping (CNNIC, 2012). Raven, Huang and Kim (2007) thought there were many obstacles in using the Internet and e-commerce in developing countries, such as low demand of commercial network integration caused by poverty, and lack of infrastructure to participate in network commercial activities be cause of no support from government. Inactive involvement in digital economy hinders developing countries from benefiting from increasingly growing digital economy, which increases the economic gap between developing countries and developed countries. As developing countries lagged far behind developed countries at first and disadvantaged is intensified by digital divide, developing countries suffer from serious asymmetric information and have less opportunities to create fortune. To conclude, digital divide increases the differences of economic development between countries and negatively affect the economic development of developing and underdeveloped countries. Finally, digital divide also causes digital hegemony. Some countries which have monopoly in digital technology field obstruct and suppress the freedom of using and developing information technology for other countries and impose their own values and ideologies on other countries in order to benefit themselves. Digital divide provides opportunities for those countries to carry out digital hegemony. For example, until 2002, US had 4.11 million to 4.12 million Internet hosts, which occupied more than 80% of the total amount of hosts in the world (Norris, 2000). Besides, most information on the Internet was provided by the United States. US government uses its absolute advantage on the Internet to conduct ideological and cultural infiltration into other countries. US tries to dominate other countries in digital field and control users’ computers instead of letting users control their own computers. In conclusion, the development of ICTs has greatly changed the way people live and work and become a driver of the expansion of economic globalization. Besides, it brings about opportunities for developing countries. However, there’s a huge digital divide between people with different genders, races, socio-economics status and nationalities. Digital divide causes two main problems. Firstly, digital divide intensifies unfair allocation of social wealth and other social conflicts. It turns information poor into real poor. Lack of information means lack of opportunities to make fortune, and limited money means limited access to ICTs. Those who cannot access to ICT cannot benefit from ICT. Digital divide forms a loop of poverty for the poor. Secondly, digital divide brings about challenges to developing countries. As the progress of ICT promotes social and economic development, digital divide widens the gap of national power between developed countries and developing countries as well as threats international security and stability. Therefore, problems caused by digital divide should draw attention from governments, international organizations and academia. To diminish domestic digital divide, government should narrow wealth gap nationally as well as identify people who are on the disadvantage side of digital divide and effectively support them. Diminishing domestic digital divide maintains social stability and promotes the balanced development of a country. To diminish international digital divide, developing and underdeveloped countries need to invest more in constructing of infrastructure of ICTs. Governments need to invest largely in education and skills training to cultivate a large number of information literate or qualified personnel who have the ability to innovate and master advanced technology. Besides, developed countries should break technological monopoly and support developing and underdeveloped countries financially and technologically. Furthe rmore, international organizations need to financially support developing and underdeveloped countries to construct infrastructure of ICTs and provide opportunities for technical personnel from these countries to go to developed countries to learn advanced technology and be trained. Diminishing international digital divide not only narrows the gap of national power between countries but also balances global economic development. Above all, digital divide is a vital issue which needs to be pay attention to.

Choose Or Lose :: Voting Vote Politics Political Essays

Choose Or Lose The election of 2004 is being talked about all over the country. It is one of the most publicized elections I can remember, and yet I still do not feel that involved. My decision to vote this November depends on how informed I am at the time. I think you need to be an informed voter to be a good voter. Voting for someone you think speaks well or looks good is wrong. What is it that causes so many young voters like me to not vote? A lot of people think it is a lack of concern that causes young people not to go to the voting booth that first Tuesday in November, but I think it's something more. Our government is based on participation and being apathetic about voting is no excuse. Without active involvement from the people democracy will fail. The 26th Amendment granted those who are 18 years of age the right to vote. This privilege has long been abused by those ages 18-24. Since the Amendment was passed in 1972, the percentage of eligible voters ages 18-24 who actually vote has dropped 13%. The article by Carrie Donovan and Mark Lopez, "Youth and Adult Voter Turnout From 1972-2002," states that in 1972, 55% of youths voted and in 2000, 42% of youths voted. This is appalling compared to the 70% of citizens that are 25 + and voted in the 2000 election. This dramatic drop in voting among the young adult population is eating away at democracy. The election affects everyone, but unfortunately, not everyone recognizes that fact. Those who do not vote have no right to complain about the outcome of an election, and nor the right to protest the decisions made by those elected to office. If this is true then why doesn't every eligible citizen vote? Politics affect EVERYONE. Those who are currently going to school most likely have a student loan. The student loan interest rate is controlled by the government, and I'm sure there isn't one student who is looking forward to paying more interest. Anyone who votes most likely has a job and is therefore paying taxes.

How health, safety and hygiene legislation has impacted Essay

Introduction In this assignment, I shall be explaining how health, safety and hygiene legislation has impacted on selected two food retailers. I have selected Jimmy’s and Tesco. Jimmy’s  Jimmy’s World Grill & Bar is a chain of buffet restaurants in the United Kingdom. In 2012 it launched its flagship restaurant in The O2, London. The first Jimmy’s World Grill & Bar opened in 2003 and the chain now operates restaurants including Luton, Derby, Bath, Peterborough, Watford, and Wimbledon. Each restaurant offers cuisines from multiple international countries including Italy; China; India; Mexico; the US and the United Kingdom. The restaurants all offer â€Å"live cooking stations† where food is cooked to order in front of the customer. Tesco Tesco is the UK’s biggest food retailer offering a variety of services for food and non-food products to include insurance, entertainment, electrical goods and many more. It employs over 440,000 people around the world with over 280,000 in the UK. It has over 2,000 stores in the UK and a growing number of stores abroad in countries such as Thailand, China, Hungary and the United States. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is a regulation to make further provision for securing the health, safety and welfare of employees at work. This law applies to all workplace for controlling the keeping and use and preventing the unlawful achievement, possession and use of dangerous substances. Additionally, this act is for controlling certain emissions and also to help prevent employees from getting hurt. It has an impact on Tesco because they are responsible for creating a safe, healthy and productive workplace. Tesco provides training to their employees to assist staff in identifying, minimising and controlling hazards complying with all safety and health requirement applicable to their workplace. The employees of Tesco must wear protective cloth and safety equipment which are safe without risk to health. If anyone gets injured at Tesco, they can be eligible to be sued because it is Tesco responsibility to ensure that everyone is safe within the working environment. Jimmy’s provides a safe and healthy working environment and they meet their responsibilities. Jimmy’s manages risks to health and safety  to prevent accidents. Jimmy’s identifies, assesses and reduces risks to health and safety as it’s reasonable and practicable. Jimmy’s aims to prevent any accidents by training their employees to work safely. For example injuries by knifes/fire. The European Union The European Union ensures that control standards are established and adhered to as regards food hygiene, animal health and welfare, plant health and preventing the risk of pollution from external substances. Food hygiene is a way of preserving and preparing food which ensures that the food will be safe for people to eat. This regulation covers all stages of the productions, processing, distribution and placing on the market of food intended for human consumption. It affects Tesco because they are responsible to provide safe foods, implement procedures in order to prevent unsafe foods and withdraw and recall unsafe foods. For example, use of separate areas and equipment for handling and preparing raw and cooked foods and also use of appropriate cleaning chemicals. If the food is not well prepared, cooked or not washed or out of date then Tesco will be entitled to cheating/fraud as customers don’t get what they pay for. So Tesco has to make sure they provide good quality foods that meet customer’s needs and expectation. Jimmy’s measure key product and its quality attributes by focusing on ingredients and materials, as well as samples collected from the trade. They also try to become the ideal restaurant to meet company requirements and consumer expectations in the marketplace and they also ensure that they do the correct use of appropriate cleaning chemicals. Jimmy’s provides proper training to their employees to ensure hygiene in cooked and raw foods. Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulation 1981 Health and safety is a regulation and procedure intended to prevent accident or injury in workplace or public environment. For example, fire exit alarms are installed inside the building. Fire aid is the initial care given to a sick or injured person until full medical treatment can be accessed. It is mostly performed by a non-expert or sometime by an expert in case of an emergency. It has an impact on Tesco as they might need first aid anytime to their workers and every staff must report it to manager if any accident occurs and treatment is necessary. It is important for Tesco to record  details of any accident or injury in the book kept in the workplace and they also should report from any witness. Jimmy’s trains their employees for first aid certificate so that they can be available in their shifts to aid anyone who gets injured. Jimmy’s kitchen staffs are more likely to be injured by knifes /fire etc., so they make sure they have first aids stored in a safe place as well as fire extinguisher. Jimmy’s makes sure that they trained their staff and also ensure the checklist of daily presence of first aider is always signed in the beginning of the shift. Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 is a law which puts duties on employers, the self-employed and people in control of work premises to report certain serious workplace accident, occupational diseases and specified dangerous occurrences. These reports enable the enforcing authorities to identify where and how risks arise and to investigate serious accidents. If someone has died or has been injured because of a work-related accident this may have to be reported. Not all accidents need to be reported, other than for certain gas incidents, a RIDDOR report is required only when: the accident is work-related and it results in an injury of a type which is reportable It has an impact on Tesco because they have a legal duty to report accidents or incidents occur in the workplace. This will help to find out where and how risks arise and also to investigate any serious accidents. Tesco staff helps and advices you to prevent actions in order to minimise injuries, accidents or incidents. Jimmy’s provides the information that enables the HSE to identify where and how risks happened in the workplace. Therefore, Jimmy’s makes sure that they maintain their information about accidents, injuries or incidents Control of Substances Hazardous to Health 2002 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health 2002 is a regulation that provides a framework to help protect people in the workplace against health risks from hazardous substances. The substances may be used directly in the work or may arise from the work such as cleaning chemicals. This law requires employers to make an appropriate assessment of the health risks created within the working environment and also to define the measures necessary to  protect people’s health. It has an impact on Tesco because they need to make sure prevent or minimise their workers’ exposure to hazardous substances. For example, Tesco must provide sufficient information in order to reduce harmful to health. Jimmy’s always provides suitable and sufficient information, instruction and training in order to follow the legislation. Jimmy’s makes sure that they prevent exposure to hazardous substances and sufficiently control the risks from such exposure. They also ensure to keep chemi cals stored in a different room to keep avoid in touch with food items. If cleaning chemicals are mixed in food, the customer who eats could cause a severe injury or even may be poisoned. Food Safety Regulations 2005 Food Safety Regulations 2005 is a law that applies to all types of food, drink and ingredients. This regulation requires businesses to make sure food is supplied or sold in a hygienic way, identify food safety hazards and know which steps in the business activities are critical for food safety. Also, ensure safety controls are maintained and reviewed in the workplace. Tesco maintains the highest standard of hygiene by preventing any infection on food with bacteria or chemical. Furthermore, Tesco also keeps their foods in a correct temperature. If any equipment affected by food safety, employees must need to inform their manager. Tesco follows the regulation by not allowing their employees to smoke or drink alcohol in the workplace. If they found their employees smoking or drinking alcohol in the workplace, it will lead to disciplinary action and may result in dismissal. It has an impact on Jimmy’s because it is their regular practice to ensure that all their employees are keeping their workplace clean and tidy. By taking these active steps, they can ensure that everyone works in the workplace are confident in the health and safety. They also have different tools for different food items. For example for cutting chicken they use different knives and different cutting objects and plates, for cutting vegetables they have use different knives. Also these tools are colour coded so they know which one is for meats and which one is for vegetables. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point is a procedure carried out for food safety and biological, chemical and physical hazards in production processes  that can cause the finished product to be unsafe and designs measurements to reduce these risks to a safe level. In addition, they need to ensure that everything they use or touch needs to be cleaned properly. It affects Tesco because they need to make sure that the foods produced are safe to eat. The foods need to be kept in a correct temperature level. Tesco ensures that these are safe for consumers to eat when they have passed through the entire food supply chain. Temperature is an important aspect of HACCP and improper storage temperature can makes foods unsafe to eat. Jimmy’s following this legislation by making sure that their drinks are safe for human consumption. Jimmy’s focus on the standardisation of raw materials and all the materials must be offered by the Jimmy’s suppliers. Conclusion In this task, I have explained how health, safety and hygiene legislation has impacted on Tesco and Jimmy’s.

BACHMAN Surname Meaning and Family History

BACHMAN Surname Meaning and Family History The Bachman surname has several possible origins. A topographical name for one who dwells by a stream, from the German bach for brook and mann for man.  From the Hebrew  ben chayim, meaning son of life.   Surname Origin:  Hebrew, Dutch, German Alternate Surname Spellings:  BACHMANN, BAUGHMAN, BACKMAN, BOCKMAN, BOCKMANN, BECHMANN, BECHMEN, BECMAN, BAUCHMAN, BOUCHMAN Famous People with the Last Name BACHMAN Michele Bachmann - founder of the U.S. Congressional Tea Party CaucusRandolph Charles Randy Bachman -  Canadian musician; best known as lead guitarist, songwriter and a founding member of The Guess Who  and  Bachman–Turner Overdrive Where is the BACHMAN Surname Most Common? The Bachman surname, according to surname distribution information from  Forebears, is somewhat less common, found most prevalently in the United States. Within the U.S., individuals named Bachman are found in greatest numbers in states with a high number of past German immigrants, including Pennsylvania and Iowa. It is also a lot more common in Poland, than in Germany. The Bachmann spelling is much more common in Switzerland and Germany, where it ranks 26th and 157th, respectively. WorldNames PublicProfiler  data demonstrates the same pattern, with Bachman most prevalent in the U.S. states of South Dakota, Pennsylvania, Nebraska and Iowa, as well as in Saskatchewan, Canada. Genealogy Resources for the Surname BACHMAN Bachman Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Bachman family crest or coat of arms for the Bachman surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. BACHMAN/BACHMANN/BAUGHMAN Y-DNA ProjectThe goal of the Bachman Y-DNA Project is to use DNA combined with traditional genealogy research to determine which of a number of descendants of Swiss and of early American Bachmann immigrants share common ancestors. BACHMAN  Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Bachman ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Bachman ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - BACHMAN GenealogyExplore over 360,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Bachman surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Bachman RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Bachman surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. Ancestry.com: Bachman SurnameExplore over 490,000 digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Bachman surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. - Sources: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

The Story of Bonnie and Clyde by Bonnie Parker

The Story of Bonnie and Clyde by Bonnie Parker Bonnie and Clyde were legendary and historic outlaws who robbed banks and killed people. The authorities saw the couple as dangerous criminals, while the public viewed Bonnie and Clyde as modern-day Robin Hoods. The couples legend was in part helped along by Bonnies poems: The Story of Bonnie and Clyde, and The Story of Suicide Sal. Bonnie Parker wrote the poems in the middle of their 1934 crime spree, while she and Clyde Barrow were on the run from the law. This poem, The Story of Bonnie and Clyde, was the last one she wrote, and the legend reports that Bonnie gave a copy of the poem to her mother just weeks before the couple was gunned down. Bonnie and Clyde as Social Bandits Parkers poem is part of a long-established outlaw-folk hero tradition, what British historian Eric Hobsbawm called social bandits. The social bandit/outlaw-hero is a peoples champion who adheres to a higher law and defies the established authority of his time. The idea of a social bandit is a nearly universal social phenomenon found throughout history, and ballads and legends of them share a long set of characteristics. The main feature shared by ballads and legends around such historical figures as Jesse James, Sam Bass, Billy the Kid, and Pretty Boy Floyd is the enormous amount of distortion of the known facts. That distortion enables the transition of a violent criminal into a folk hero. In all cases, the peoples champion story the people need to hear is more important than the facts- during the Great Depression, the public needed reassurance that there were people working against a government perceived as callous to their predicament. The voice of the Depression, American balladeer Woody Guthrie, wrote just such a ballad about Pretty Boy Floyd after Floyd was killed six months after Bonnie and Clyde died. Curiously, many of the ballads, like Bonnies, also use the metaphor of the pen is mightier than the sword, stating that what newspapers have written about the bandit hero is false, but that the truth can be found written in their legends and ballads. 12 Characteristics of the Social Outlaw American historian Richard Meyer identified 12 characteristics that are common to social outlaw stories. Not all of them appear in every story, but many of them come from older ancient legends- tricksters, champions of the oppressed, and ancient betrayals. The social bandit hero is a man of the people who stands in opposition to certain established, oppressive economic, civil, and legal systems. He is a champion who wouldnt harm the little man.His first crime is brought about through extreme provocation by agents of the oppressive system.He steals from the rich and gives to the poor, serving as one who rights wrongs. (Robin Hood, Zorro)Despite his reputation, he is good-natured, kind-hearted, and frequently pious.His criminal exploits are audacious and daring.He frequently outwits and confounds his opponents by trickery, often expressed humorously. (Trickster)He is helped, supported, and admired by his own people.The authorities cant catch him through conventional means.His death is only brought about by the betrayal by a former friend. (Judas)His death provokes great mourning on the part of his people.After he dies, the hero manages to live on in a number of ways: stories say that he is not really dead, or that his ghost or spirit con tinues to help and inspire people. His actions and deeds may not always gain approval or admiration, but rather are sometimes decried in the ballads as mildly stated criticism to outright condemnation and refutation of all the other 11 elements. Bonnie Parkers Social Outlaw True to the form, in The Story of Bonnie and Clyde, Parker cements their image as social bandits. Clyde used to be honest and upright and clean, and she reports that he was locked up unjustly. The couple has supporters in the regular people like newsboys, and she foretells that the law will beat them in the end. Like most of us, Parker had heard ballads and legends of lost heroes as a child. She even references Jesse James in the first stanza. What is interesting about her poems is that we see her actively spinning their criminal history into a legend. The Story of Bonnie and ClydeYouve read the story of Jesse JamesOf how he lived and died;If youre still in needOf something to read,Heres the story of Bonnie and Clyde. Now Bonnie and Clyde are the Barrow gang,Im sure you all have readHow they rob and stealAnd those who squealAre usually found dying or dead. Theres lots of untruths to these write-ups;Theyre not so ruthless as that;Their nature is raw;They hate all the lawThe stool pigeons, spotters, and rats. They call them cold-blooded killers;They say they are heartless and mean;But I say this with pride,That I once knew ClydeWhen he was honest and upright and clean. But the laws fooled around,Kept taking him downAnd locking him up in a cell,Till he said to me,Ill never be free,So Ill meet a few of them in hell. The road was so dimly lighted;There were no highway signs to guide;But they made up their mindsIf all roads were blind,They wouldnt give up till they died. The road gets dimmer and dimmer;Sometimes you can hardly see;But its fight, man to man,And do all you can,For they know they can never be free. From heart-break some people have suffered;From weariness some people have died;But take it all in all,Our troubles are smallTill we get like Bonnie and Clyde. If a policeman is killed in Dallas,And they have no clue or guide;If they cant find a fiend,They just wipe their slate cleanAnd hand it on Bonnie and Clyde. Theres two crimes committed in AmericaNot accredited to the Barrow mob;They had no handIn the kidnap demand,Nor the Kansas City depot job. A newsboy once said to his buddy;I wish old Clyde would get jumped;In these awful hard timesWed make a few dimesIf five or six cops would get bumped. The police havent got the report yet,But Clyde called me up today;He said, Dont start any fightsWe arent working nightsWere joining the NRA. From Irving to West Dallas viaductIs known as the Great Divide,Where the women are kin,And the men are men,And they wont stool on Bonnie and Clyde. If they try to act like citizensAnd rent them a nice little flat,About the third nightTheyre invited to fightBy a sub-guns rat-tat-tat. They dont think theyre too tough or desperate,They know that the law always wins;Theyve been shot at before,But they do not ignoreThat death is the wages of sin. Some day theyll go down together;And theyll bury them side by side;To few itll be griefTo the law a reliefBut its death for Bonnie and Clyde. - Bonnie Parker 1934 Sources Hobsbawm, Eric. Bandits. Orion, 2010.Lundblad, Bonnie Jo. The Rebel-Victim: Past and Present. The English Journal 60.6 (1971): 763–66.Meyer, Richard E. The Outlaw: A Distinctive American Folktype. Journal of the Folklore Institute 17.2/3 (1980): 94–124.Muecke, Stephen, Alan Rumsey, and Banjo Wirrunmarra. Pigeon the Outlaw: History as Texts. Aboriginal History 9.1/2 (1985): 81–100.Roberts, John W. Railroad Bill and the American Outlaw Tradition. Western Folklore 40.4 (1981): 315–28.Seal, Graham. The Robin Hood Principle: Folklore, History, and the Social Bandit. Journal of Folklore Research 46.1 (2009): 67–89.

Behavioural Finance Implications on Personal Investment Decisions Essay

Behavioural Finance Implications on Personal Investment Decisions - Essay Example This calls for better understanding and insight of the nature of human in the current global outlook, plus advancement of fine skills and the capability to achieve the best from investments. Furthermore, investors need to develop foresight, positive vision, drive and perseverance (BAKER, & NOFSINGER, 2010: p23). Investors vary in all features due to factors such as demographic factors, which entail educational achievement level, socio-economic background, sex, age, and race. The most critical hurdle faced by investors is in the region of investment choices. The most favourable investment decision is a vital consideration and should be proactive in nature. During the design of the investment portfolio, of key consideration should be their financial objectives, the level of risk tolerance, as well as other restrictions. Furthermore, they have to forecast the product mean-variance optimization. This procedure is best appropriate for institutional investors, and more often than not fails for people, who are vulnerable to behavioural prejudice. In the current circumstances, behavioural finance is increasingly attaining an integral position in the decision-making procedure, since it increasingly affects the performance of investors (SHEFRIN, 2007: p77). Investors can better their performance by identifying errors and biases of judgement, which are common to every human being. Comprehending the behavioural finance will play a vital role in enabling the investors to adopt a better investment mechanism and evade future repetition of costly errors. The relevant issues of this investigative study are how to reduce or abolish the psychological prejudices in investment decision procedure. According to the conventional financial theory, makers of decisions are logical. On the contrary, modern theories propose that the decision- making carried out by investors are not propelled by due deliberations (POMPIAN, 2012: p45). The decisions carried out by the investors are also freq uently inconsistent. In other words, decisions made by humans are prone to numerous cognitive illusions. They are categorised into two types heuristic decision process and process theory. Heuristic decision theory is a decision criterion through which the investors discover things for themselves. It refers to thumb rules, which people utilize to make decisions in uncertain and complicated situations (SCHINDLER, 2007: p86). In reality, the decision-making criteria of investors are not completely reasonable. This may be so even when the investors have gathered the necessary information and purposefully investigated, in which the emotional and mental aspects are entailed. They are not easy to distinguish. Though it may be beneficial sometimes, numerous times it may cause uninformed decision outcomes. First, it includes representativeness. The recent accomplishments of investors tend to proceed into the future (POMPIAN, 2012: p82). The propensity of investors to come up with decisions b ased on history experiences is called stereotype. Recent analyses are leaning towards the failure or success, in their profit projections, the nature of stereotype choices. Secondly, overconfidence is another factor. Several points of views surround confidence, as it accords more courage and is perceived as a key to prosperity. Even though,

Regression and Statistical Effects Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Regression and Statistical Effects - Assignment Example The data is divided into two groups. The total data set is divided into 4 segments: low lifetime, low revenue; low lifetime high revenue; high lifetime, low revenue, and high lifetime, high revenue. The first step ion the analysis is the calculation of bivariate Pearson’s correlation coefficient between lifetime and profit. The author graphically analyses the trends between profitability and lifetime of the customer. Then, a linear regression model is developed to describe the relation for the four segments. The author then suggests a method using discriminant analysis that helps managers find out the most profitable customers. The research finds that it is not necessary that long-life customers are more profitable than short-life customers. The author also concludes that long-life customer do not necessarily pay more, and have higher costs. Regression analysis has been used in the study to the relation between the profitability of the customer and time. The researcher regress the profitability of the 4 segments with respect to time using the equation The relation between the profitability and time can be ascertained by the sign of the regression coefficient. A positive coefficient indicates a positive relation between the profitability and time for the particular segment. The researcher also makes use of a dummy variable to reflect the effects of a large first month purchase because purchase amount for the first month is generally found to be higher than succeeding months. Besides this, the researcher also attempts to draw broad conclusions regarding the direction of relation between the profits and time by using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and charts depicting the behaviors of the 2 groups. The small correlation coefficient (0.175 for Cohort 1 and 0.219 for Cohort 2) indicates a moderate linear relation between the lifetime duration and lifetime profits. Besides this, the researcher draws the graphs with lifetime